banner



Home  ›  How Often Do States Draw Their District Lines

How Often Do States Draw Their District Lines

Written By Saturday, 26 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

The 2020 United States redistricting cycle is in progress post-obit the completion of the 2020 United States census. In all 50 states, various bodies will re-draw state legislative districts. States that are apportioned more than ane seat in the The states House of Representatives will too draw new districts for that legislative body.

The rules for redistricting vary from state to state, simply all states draw new legislative and congressional maps either in the state legislature, in redistricting commissions, or through some combination of the land legislature and a redistricting committee. Though various laws and court decisions have put constraints on redistricting, many redistricting institutions go on to practise gerrymandering, which involves drawing new districts with the intention of giving a political advantage to specific groups.[ane] Political parties prepare for redistricting years in accelerate, and partisan command of redistricting institutions tin can provide a party with major advantages.[2] Aside from the possibility of mid-decade redistricting,[3] the districts fatigued in the 2020 redistricting cycle will remain in effect until the adjacent round of redistricting following the 2030 United states of america census.

United States House of Representatives [edit]

Reapportionment [edit]

State Seats[iv] [5]
Current New
California 53 52
Texas 36 38
Florida 27 28
New York 27 26
Pennsylvania 18 17
Illinois 18 17
Ohio xvi 15
Georgia xiv 14
North Carolina thirteen 14
Michigan 14 13
New Jersey 12 12
Virginia 11 11
Washington x 10
Arizona 9 9
Massachusetts nine nine
Tennessee 9 ix
Indiana ix 9
Maryland 8 8
Missouri 8 viii
Wisconsin 8 viii
Colorado 7 8
Minnesota eight viii
Southward Carolina seven 7
Alabama 7 seven
Louisiana vi 6
Kentucky six 6
Oregon 5 6
Oklahoma 5 v
Connecticut 5 5
Utah 4 iv
Iowa 4 4
Nevada 4 four
Arkansas 4 4
Mississippi four 4
Kansas four iv
New United mexican states 3 3
Nebraska 3 3
Idaho two ii
West Virginia three ii
Hawaii 2 2
New Hampshire 2 two
Maine 2 2
Rhode Isle 2 2
Montana 1 two
Delaware 1 i
South Dakota i 1
North Dakota one 1
Alaska ane 1
Vermont i 1
Wyoming one 1

Article One of the U.s.a. Constitution establishes the U.s.a. House of Representatives and apportions Representatives to united states based on population, with reapportionment occurring every x years. The decennial U.s. census determines the population of each state. Each of the l states is guaranteed at least i representative, and the Huntington–Hill method is used to assign the remaining 385 seats to states based on the population of each state. Congress has provided for reapportionment every x years since the enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929. Since 1913, the U.S. House of Representatives has consisted of 435 members, a number set by statute, though the number of Representatives temporarily increased in 1959. Reapportionment too affects presidential elections, as each state is guaranteed electoral votes equivalent to the number of Representatives and Senators representing the land.

Prior to the 2022 U.S. Business firm elections, each state apportioned more 1 Representative will depict new congressional districts based on the reapportionment following the 2020 census. Based on the official counts of the 2020 census, California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia will each lose one seat, while Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon volition each gain one seat, and Texas will gain 2 seats. Though California lost a seat for the first time in its history, the 2020 census continued a broader trend of Northeastern and Midwestern states losing seats and Western and Southern states gaining seats.[6]

Congressional redistricting methods [edit]

Congressional redistricting methods by land after the 2020 demography:

 Contained commission

 Politician commission

 Passed by legislature with gubernatorial approval

[a]

 Passed by legislature, governor plays no office

 Passed by legislature, elementary majority veto override

 Non applicable due to having 1 at-large commune

* The Ohio Constitution requires that redistricting votes in the Ohio Legislature be bipartisan, with a minimum number of votes required from both parties for a redistricting human activity to pass

Each U.Due south. Representative represents ane congressional district, which encompasses all or role of a single state. Every state with more than one congressional district must pass a new redistricting plan before the filing deadlines of the 2022 elections.[10] In well-nigh states, the state legislature draws the new districts, simply some states accept established redistricting commissions.[xi] Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, and Washington use independent commissions to depict House districts, while Hawaii and New Bailiwick of jersey apply "politician commissions" to draw Business firm districts.[eleven] Alaska, Delaware, Northward Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming volition continue to have only 1 representative in the House, and so will not have to draw new Business firm districts.

In all other states, the legislature draws district lines, although some states take advisory commissions that can play a major role in drawing lines, and other states have fill-in commissions if the state legislature is unable to draw the lines itself.[11] In many states, districts are drawn with the intent to do good sure political groups, including one of the ii major political parties, in a practise known as gerrymandering. Most states draw new lines by passing a law the same way any other law is passed, but some states accept special procedures.[11] Connecticut and Maine require a ii-thirds super-majority in each house of the land legislature for redistricting plans, while district lines are not subject area to gubernatorial veto in Connecticut and Northward Carolina.[11] The Ohio redistricting process is designed to encourage the legislature to pass a map with bipartisan support, only the bulk party can pass maps that last for four years (as opposed to the normal x years) without the support of the minority political party.[12] The legislatures of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and W Virginia can override gubernatorial vetoes with a simple majority vote,[13] giving governors in those states petty leverage in the cartoon of new district maps.

Limits on congressional redistricting [edit]

Though united states have wide latitude in the re-cartoon of congressional districts, state ability over redistricting is field of study to limits set past the U.S. Constitution, rulings of the federal judiciary and statutes passed by Congress. In the example of Wesberry v. Sanders, the Supreme Court of the The states established that states must depict districts that are equal in population "as about as is practicable." Subsequent court cases have required states to redistrict every x years, although states can redistrict more often than that depending on their own statutes and constitutional provisions.[14] Since the passage of the 1967 Uniform Congressional Districts Act, most states have been barred from using multi-fellow member districts; all states currently use single-member districts.[fifteen] The Voting Rights Deed of 1965 establishes protections against racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. The Supreme Court example of Thornburg v. Gingles established a examination to determine whether redistricting lines violate the Voting Rights Act. In some states, courts accept required the cosmos of majority-minority districts.[16]

In addition to standards required by federal law, many states accept as well adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such every bit cities or counties) or communities of involvement.[17] Some states, including Arizona, Colorado, New York and Washington require the drawing of competitive districts.[17]

Control of congressional redistricting [edit]

Partisan control of congressional redistricting afterwards the 2020 elections, with the number of U.S. Business firm seats each country volition receive.

 Autonomous control

 Republican control

 Split or bipartisan control

 Contained redistricting commission

 No redistricting necessary

Congressional redistricting plans passed by legislature [edit]

The tabular array shows the partisan control of states in which congressional redistricting is enacted through either a bill or a joint resolution passed by the legislature. States in which the governor can technically veto the bill, but that veto tin exist overridden past a elementary majority of the state legislature, are marked equally "simple maj. override".

Partisan control of congressional redistricting[18] [19]
State Partisan control
Country Seats[20] Overall Governor Senate Firm
Alabama seven Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Arkansas 4 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Connecticut v Split*‡ No veto Democratic Democratic
Florida 28 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Georgia fourteen Republican Republican Republican Republican
Illinois 17 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Indiana 9 Republican‡ Elementary maj. override Republican Republican
Iowa 4 Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Kansas 4 Republican Democratic↑ Republican Republican
Kentucky half-dozen Republican Uncomplicated maj. override Republican Republican
Louisiana half dozen Split Democratic Republican Republican
Maine two Divide*† Democratic Democratic Autonomous
Maryland eight Autonomous Republican↑ Autonomous Democratic
Massachusetts 9 Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Minnesota 8 Split Democratic Republican Democratic
Mississippi 4 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Missouri 8 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Nebraska 3 Nonpartisan Republican Nonpartisan
Nevada 4 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
New Hampshire 2 Republican Republican Republican Republican
New Mexico three Democratic Democratic Democratic Autonomous
New York 26 Democratic* Democratic Democratic Democratic
North Carolina 14 Republican No veto Republican Republican
Ohio 15 Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Oklahoma five Republican Republican Republican Republican
Oregon 6 Autonomous Democratic Democratic Autonomous
Pennsylvania 17 Split Autonomous Republican Republican
Rhode Island two Democratic† Democratic Democratic Democratic
South Carolina 7 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Tennessee 9 Republican Uncomplicated maj. override Republican Republican
Texas 38 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Utah 4 Republican† Republican Republican Republican
W Virginia 2 Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Wisconsin 8 Separate Democratic Republican Republican
State Seats Control Governor Senate House

"*" indicates that a 2/3 super-bulk vote is required in the legislature
"↑" indicates that ane party can override a gubernatorial veto because of a super-majority in the legislature
"†" indicates that the state employs an advisory commission
"‡" indicates that the state employs a back-upward commission

Ohio requires sure qualified majorities, at each stage of its Congressional redistricting procedure, for its Congressional maps to suffer (field of study to judicial review) for the full decade.

Congressional redistricting plans passed by commissions [edit]

States with redistricting commissions
State Seats[twenty] Type
Arizona 9 Contained commission
California 52 Independent commission
Colorado 8 Contained commission
Idaho 2 Contained commission
Hawaii ii Pol commission
Michigan xiii Contained commission
Montana two Contained commission
New Jersey 12 Politician commission
Virginia 11 Hybrid commission
Washington 10 Independent commission

Half dozen states with multiple members of the House of Representatives use independent commissions to describe congressional districts. In Arizona, Montana, and Washington, the four party leaders of the state business firm and state senate each select 1 fellow member of the Independent Redistricting Commission, and these four members select a fifth member who is not affiliated with either political party. In California, the Citizen'southward Redistricting Commission consists of five Democrats, 5 Republicans, and 4 individuals who are not members of either party. In Idaho, the four party leaders of the country firm and state senate and the chairmen of the two almost popular state parties (based on the results of the near contempo gubernatorial vote) each select a member of the Commission for Reapportionment.[21]

Two states use politician commissions to draw congressional districts. In Hawaii, the president of the state senate and the speaker of the state house each select 2 members of the Reapportionment Committee, while the minority parties in both chambers each appoint two members of the commission. The eight members of the commission then select a 9th member, who as well chairs the commission. In New Jersey, the four political party leaders of the state firm and state senate and the party leaders of the two largest parties each choose two members of the Circulation Committee, and the twelve members of the commission select a thirteenth fellow member to chair the commission.[21]

1 land, Virginia, uses a hybrid, bipartisan committee consisting of 8 legislators and eight non-legislator citizens. The commission is evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans.[22]

Ohio employs a hybrid commission as a back-up redistricting authorisation in the case of the state legislature failing to achieve a certain qualified majority for approval of a map. The commission is composed of elected political officials equally well every bit appointments made past the leaders of the state legislative chambers (namely: the speaker of the business firm, the leader of the largest party in the firm to which the speaker of the house does non belong, the president of the senate, and the leader of the largest party in the senate to which the speaker of the senate does non belong), although those appointments also were politicians in the 2020 cycle. If the redistricting commission fails to accomplish a certain qualified majority for approval of a congressional redistricting plan when it has been charged to practise so, the authority to pass such a plan transfers back to the state legislature, which may then pass a programme either for the full decade via a sure qualified majority, or for just iv years via normal legislative procedure otherwise.

State legislatures [edit]

Legislative redistricting methods [edit]

State legislative redistricting methods by state:

 Independent commission

 Pol commission

 Passed by the legislature with gubernatorial approval [a]

 Passed by legislature with no gubernatorial veto

 Passed by legislature, simple majority veto override

Each state draws new legislative district boundaries every ten years. Every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislative branch. Nebraska is also unique in that it has the only legislative body that is officially non-partisan. Most states must pass redistricting plans by the time of the filing deadlines for the 2022 elections. The exceptions are Virginia and New Jersey, which must pass new plans in 2021, Louisiana and Mississippi which have a 2023 deadline, and Montana, which has a 2024 borderline.[10]

Fifteen states use independent or politician commissions to draw state legislative districts. In the other states, the legislature is ultimately charged with drawing new lines, although some states have advisory or back-up commissions. Connecticut, Illinois, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas have backup commissions that draw district lines if the legislature is unable to concur on new districts. Iowa, Maine, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont employ informational commissions. In Oregon, the Secretary of State will draw the legislative districts if the legislature fails to do and then. In Connecticut and Maine, a 2/3 super-majority vote in each house is required to create new districts, while in Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Carolina, the governor cannot veto redistricting plans.[23] The legislatures of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia tin override gubernatorial vetoes with a simple majority vote,[13] giving governors in those states little leverage in the drawing of new district maps.

Limits on state legislative redistricting [edit]

The states have wide latitude in re-drawing legislative districts, merely the U.S. Supreme Courtroom example of Reynolds v. Sims established that states must draw districts that are "substantially equal" in population to one another. Federal court cases have established that deviation betwixt the largest and smallest districts more often than not cannot be greater than 10 percent, and some states have laws requiring less departure. Court cases accept also required states to redistrict every ten years, although states can redistrict more than oftentimes than that depending on their ain statutes and constitutional provisions.[14] States are free to use multi-fellow member districts, and unlike districts can elect different numbers of legislators.[24] The Voting Rights Human action of 1965 establishes protections confronting racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their pick. The Supreme Court case of Thornburg v. Gingles established a test to determine whether redistricting lines violate the Voting Rights Act.[16]

Many states have also adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such as cities or counties) or communities of interest.[17] Some states, including Arizona, crave the cartoon of competitive districts,[17] while other states crave the nesting of land house districts inside state senate districts.[25]

Control of legislative redistricting [edit]

Partisan control of country legislative redistricting after the 2020 elections.

 Democratic command

 Republican control

 Divide or bipartisan command

 Independent redistricting commission

State legislative redistricting plans passed by legislature [edit]

The table shows the partisan control of states in which country legislative redistricting is enacted via a bill passed past the legislature. States in which the governor tin can technically veto the neb, but that veto tin can be overridden by a uncomplicated majority of the state legislature, are marked as "uncomplicated maj. override".

Partisan command of state governments[18] [26]
Land Control Governor State Senate State House
Alabama Republican Uncomplicated maj. override Republican Republican
Connecticut Split*‡ No veto Democratic Autonomous
Delaware Autonomous Democratic Democratic Democratic
Florida Republican No veto Republican Republican
Georgia Republican Republican Republican Republican
Illinois‡ Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Indiana Republican‡ Unproblematic maj. override Republican Republican
Iowa Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Kansas Republican Autonomous↑ Republican Republican
Kentucky Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Louisiana Split Autonomous Republican Republican
Maine Dissever*† Democratic Democratic Autonomous
Maryland Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Massachusetts Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Minnesota Split Democratic Republican Democratic
Mississippi Republican‡ No veto Republican Republican
Nebraska Nonpartisan Republican Nonpartisan
Nevada Democratic Democratic Autonomous Autonomous
New Hampshire Republican Republican Republican Republican
New Mexico Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
New York Democratic*† Democratic Autonomous Autonomous
North Carolina Republican No veto Republican Republican
Due north Dakota Republican Republican Republican Republican
Oklahoma Republican‡ Republican Republican Republican
Oregon Autonomous Democratic Democratic Democratic
Rhode Isle Autonomous† Democratic Democratic Democratic
South Carolina Republican Republican Republican Republican
South Dakota Republican Republican Republican Republican
Tennessee Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Texas Republican‡ Republican Republican Republican
Utah Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Vermont Split† Republican Democratic Democratic
West Virginia Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Wisconsin Split Democratic Republican Republican
Wyoming Republican Republican Republican Republican
State Control Governor State Senate State House

An * indicates that a 2/3 super-majority vote is required in the legislature
A ↑ indicates that one party can override a gubernatorial veto because of a super-bulk in the legislature
A † indicates that the state employs an informational committee
A ‡ indicates that the state employs a backup committee

Country legislative redistricting plans passed by commission [edit]

States with redistricting commissions[26]
Country Type Partisan control
Alaska Contained N/A
Arizona Independent North/A
Arkansas Politician Republican
California Independent North/A
Colorado Independent Due north/A
Hawaii Politician Bipartisan
Idaho Contained N/A
Michigan Independent N/A
Missouri Pol Bipartisan
Montana Contained N/A
New Bailiwick of jersey Politician Bipartisan
Ohio Politician Republican
Pennsylvania Politician Bipartisan
Virginia Hybrid Bipartisan
Washington Independent N/A

Eight states use contained commissions to draw state legislative districts. In Alaska, the governor appoints ii individuals and the Speaker of the House, senate president, and Main Justice of the Alaska Supreme Court each appoint one private to the Redistricting Board. In Arizona, Montana, and Washington, the four legislative party leaders each appoint 1 member to the redistricting commission, and these four individuals choose a fifth member to chair the commission. California'southward Denizen'due south Redistricting Commission consists of five Democrats, 5 Republicans, and four individuals who are not members of either political party. Idaho'southward Commission for Reapportionment consists of 6 individuals appointed by the chairmen of the ii largest parties (based on the virtually recent gubernatorial vote) and the 4 state legislative party leaders.[27]

Six states use politician commissions to describe country legislative districts. Arkansas's Board of Apportionment consists of the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general. The Ohio Redistricting Commission consists of the governor, accountant, secretary of state, and 4 individuals appointed by the state legislative party leaders. Hawaii'due south Reapportionment Commission consists of 8 appointees of the country legislative party leaders, and these appointees select a ninth fellow member to chair the commission. The New Bailiwick of jersey Apportionment Commission consists of twelve individuals appointed by the state legislative party leaders and the two major party chairmen, with these twelve individuals choosing a thirteenth member to chair the board. Pennsylvania's redistricting commission consists of four appointees chosen by the state legislative party leaders, and these 4 appointees choose a fifth member to chair the commission. In Missouri, a commission is created for each legislative chamber as a upshot of the governor picking from lists submitted by the leaders of the ii major parties.[27]

Ane land, Virginia, uses a hybrid, bipartisan commission consisting of eight legislators and viii not-legislator citizens. The commission is evenly divided betwixt Democrats and Republicans.[22]

Last disposition [edit]

This table shows the terminal status of redistricting in each state.

State U.S. Firm seats U.S. Firm disposition Country legislative disposition
California 52 Passed into law on December 27, 2021[28] Passed into constabulary on December 27, 2021[28]
Texas 38 Passed into police force on October 25, 2021*[29] Passed into law on October 25, 2021*[thirty]
Florida 28
New York 26 Passed into law on February iii, 2022[31] Passed into police on February 3, 2022[31]
Pennsylvania 17 Passed into law on February 23, 2022[32]
Illinois 17 Passed into law on Nov 23, 2021[33] Passed into law on September 24, 2021[34]
Ohio 15 Passed into law on November 20, 2021*;[35] Overturned by state Supreme Courtroom on January 14, 2022[36] Passed into constabulary;[37] Overturned by state Supreme Court[38]
Georgia xiv Passed into law on December thirty, 2021*[39] Passed into law on December thirty, 2021*[39]
N Carolina xiv Passed into police force on February 23, 2022[40] Passed into constabulary on February 23, 2022[40]
Michigan 13 Passed into constabulary on Dec 28, 2021*[41] Passed into law on December 28, 2021[42]
New Bailiwick of jersey 12 Passed into law on December 22, 2021*[43]
Virginia eleven Passed into law on December 28, 2021[44] Passed into police force on December 28, 2021[44]
Washington x Passed into law on February 8, 2022[45] Passed into police on Feb 8, 2022[46]
Arizona 9 Passed into police on December 22, 2021[47] Passed into law on December 22, 2021[47]
Massachusetts 9 Passed into law on Nov 22, 2021[48] Passed into law on Nov 4, 2021[49]
Tennessee 9 Passed into police force on Feb vi, 2022[fifty] Passed into law on February six, 2022[50]
Indiana 9 Passed into constabulary on Oct 4, 2021[51] Passed into law on October 4, 2021[51]
Maryland viii Passed into law on December nine, 2021;[52] Overturned by circuit court on March 25, 2022[53]
Missouri eight
Wisconsin viii Passed into law on March iii, 2022[54]
Colorado eight Passed into law on November ane, 2021[55] Passed into law on November fifteen, 2021[56]
Minnesota viii Passed into police on February 15, 2022[57] Passed into law on February xv, 2022[58]
Due south Carolina 7 Passed into law on January 26, 2022*[59] Passed into police force on December ten, 2021[sixty]
Alabama 7 Passed into law on Nov 4, 2021*[29] Passed into police on November four, 2021[61]
Louisiana 6
Kentucky 6 Passed into law on January xx, 2022*[62]
Oregon 6 Passed into constabulary on September 27, 2021[63] Passed into police force on September 27, 2021[63]
Oklahoma 5 Passed into law on November 22, 2021[64] Passed into law on November 22, 2021[64]
Connecticut 5 Passed into constabulary on February 10, 2022[65]
Utah iv Passed into police on November 12, 2021[66] Passed into constabulary on Nov 16, 2021[67]
Iowa 4 Passed into constabulary on Nov 4, 2021[29] Passed into police on November 4, 2021[68]
Nevada iv Passed into constabulary on November 16, 2021*[69] Passed into law on November xvi, 2021*[69]
Arkansas 4 Passed into law on January 14, 2021[70] Passed into constabulary on November 29, 2021[71]
Mississippi iv Passed into law on January 25, 2022[72]
Kansas 4 Passed into law on February 9, 2022*[73]
New United mexican states three Passed into law on December 17, 2021*[74]
Nebraska iii Passed into law on September 30, 2021[75] Passed into law on September thirty, 2021[75]
Idaho two Passed into law on November 5, 2021[76] Passed into police force on November 5, 2021[76]
West Virginia 2 Passed into law on October 22, 2021[29] Passed into law on October 22, 2021[77]
Hawaii 2 Passed into law on January 28, 2022[78] Passed into law on Jan 28, 2022[79]
New Hampshire two
Maine 2 Passed into constabulary on September 29, 2021[80] Passed into police force on September 29, 2021[eighty]
Rhode Isle 2 Passed into law on February xviii, 2022[81]
Montana 2 Passed into police force on November 12, 2021[82]
Delaware 1 Due north/A Passed into law on November ii, 2021[83]
Due south Dakota 1 Northward/A Passed into law on November 10, 2021[84]
North Dakota 1 N/A Passed into police on Nov 12, 2021*[85]
Alaska 1 N/A Passed into constabulary on Nov 10, 2021*[86]
Vermont 1 N/A
Wyoming 1 Northward/A

An * indicates that litigation is currently pending against the finalized maps

Litigation [edit]

Lawsuits accept been filed confronting a number of passed congressional and legislative maps on the grounds of either racial gerrymandering or partisan gerrymandering. These states include Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Bailiwick of jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, and Texas. As more than states go on to adopt maps through the redistricting process, the number of lawsuits filed will potentially increase.[87]

Racial gerrymandering [edit]

Lawsuits have been filed in multiple states against congressional and state legislative maps due to claims that the new maps disenfranchise minority voters.

In Alabama, 4 lawsuits were filed against the congressional and state legislative maps, alleging racial bias and violation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) by diluting the power of minority voters in the state.[88] On January 24, 2022, a three-judge panel blocked Alabama's congressional maps over claims it likely violates the VRA. The panel argued that because African Americans counted for a considerable per centum of the total population growth, in that location should be more opportunities for representation.[89] [90] On Feb seven, 2022 the Supreme Court temporarily reinstated Alabama's congressional map and added Alabama's appeal to their 2022 example list, with the hearing engagement yet to be decided.[91]

The NAACP and American Civil Liberties Union sued multiple state officials in Arkansas over the new country House districts, arguing that they unconstitutionally underrepresented Blackness voters.[92] A U.s. District judge ruled that the groups did not have standing, and stated that the plaintiff must be the Usa Attorney General in Feb, 2022.[93] The ACLU appealed the ruling following the conclusion by the United states Section of Justice not to intervene.[94]

In Georgia, staff attorneys at the Southern Poverty Law Center claimed that, "the maps produced out of the special legislative session block Georgia's communities of color from obtaining political representation that reflects their population growth".[95] The American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia filed adapt in December 2021, alleging that both country legislative maps and congressional maps violated the VRA.[96] Specifically, the 6th, 13th, and 14th congressional districts were challenged. In March 2022, Judge Steve C. Jones immune Gerogia's congressional and land legislative maps to accept upshot for the 2022 Georgia state elections even though he believed that it was probable "that certain aspects of the State's redistricting plans are unlawful." Despite this, he decided that overturning Georgia'due south maps then close to the May primary would testify overly disruptive.[97]

Both congressional and country legislature maps drawn past the Michigan Contained Citizens Redistricting Committee were challenged in court for violating the VRA by reducing the number of Blackness-majority districts in Detroit.[98] While supporters claim that this allows Black voters to elect more Blackness-aligned candidates beyond a larger number of districts, opponents argue that this dilutes the power of Blackness voters.[99] The lawsuit confronting both the state legislative districts and the congressional districts was dismissed on Feb 3, 2022 due to insufficient evidence that the redistricting commission needed to create the same number of Blackness-majority districts.[100]

Partisan gerrymandering [edit]

In Maryland, ii Republican aligned groups sued to overturn the new congressional maps, arguing that they were partisan gerrymanders that "cracked" Republican voters across several districts, diluting their voting ability.[101] Primaries in the state were delayed to July xix due to the ongoing litigation.[102] On March 25, a excursion courtroom judge threw out the congressional districts, calling them an "extreme gerrymander" that disenfranchised multiple communities of interest.[53]

The Supreme Court of Ohio overturned initially passed land legislative maps, arguing that they unfairly favored Republicans against the guidance of Ohio'due south 2015 redistricting amendment that seeks to limit partisan gerrymandering.[38]

The Republican Party of New Mexico sued to overturn the new congressional maps, arguing that they unduly favor Democrats and dilute Republican voting strength, thereby violating the equal protection clause of the New Mexico state constitution. New Mexico Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham characterized the congressional map equally 1 "in which no one political party or candidate may claim any undue reward."[103]

In Feb 2022, The North Carolina state Supreme Court struck down both state legislative maps and the congressional map initially passed past the state legislature in Nov of 2021, citing partisan gerrymandering that violated the state Constitution.[104] Every bit a result, the Northward Carolina legislature drafted new maps, which they submitted to the court for approval.[105] A three guess panel of the state Superior Courtroom upheld the legality of both country legislative maps, but had court appointed special masters redraw the congressional map, which was released and approved in February 2022.[40]

Courtroom run redistricting [edit]

State Supreme Courts take selected or drafted new congressional maps in Connecticut, Minnesota, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin post-obit the failure of redistricting panels or lawmakers to pass new maps in each state.

In Connecticut, the land Supreme Courtroom was forced to take over the Congressional redistricting process after the bipartisan legislative console deadlocked and failed to agree on new maps. The courtroom appointed Nathaniel Persily, who drew Connecticut'south 2010 maps, every bit special primary to draw the new congressional districts.[106] Persily drew a least-change map, making just the adjustments necessary to ensure equal population in each congressional district.[107] The Connecticut Supreme Court adopted Persily'southward recommended map on February x, 2022. [65]

In North Carolina, local and state courts took over the congressional redistricting process in February 2022. Afterward initial congressional and legislative maps were ruled every bit unconstitutional partisan gerrymanders, several nonpartisan redistricting experts including Robert H. Edmunds Jr., Thomas West. Ross, and Robert F. Orr were appointed equally special masters by the state Supreme Court. They were tasked with reviewing whether the second iteration of country legislative and congressional maps passed by the Due north Carolina legislature violated state Constitution provisions opposing partisan gerrymandering.[108] The special masters in coordination with the Wake Canton Superior Court found that the new congressional map was unconstitutional, and instead implemented their ain map on February 23, 2022.[twoscore] North Carolina Firm Speaker Tim Moore called the process "egregious" and "unconstitutional", and accused the courtroom of drawing the maps "in an unknown, blackness-box manner".[109]

Post-obit the failure of the Minnesota Legislature to pass either congressional or state legislative districts by the mandated February 5th deadline, the Minnesota Supreme Court appointed a five fellow member commission to draw new boundaries.[110] The panel released the land's new maps in February 2022.[58]

Redistricting organizations and funds [edit]

Democrats were particularly unhappy with the results of the 2012 House elections in which Autonomous House candidates received more votes than Republican Firm candidates, only Republicans retained command of the bedroom.[111] Organizations such as the Democratic Governors Association and the Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee have established funds dedicated to helping Democrats in the 2020 round of redistricting.[111] [112] Democrats also established the National Democratic Redistricting Commission to coordinate Democratic redistricting efforts.[113] Republicans established a like group, the National Republican Redistricting Trust.[114]

Changes to the redistricting procedure since 2012 [edit]

Federal courtroom rulings [edit]

In the 2013 example, Shelby County v. Holder, the Supreme Court struck down Section four(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which was a coverage formula that adamant which states and counties required preclearance from the Justice Department before making changes to voting laws and procedures.[115] The formula had covered states with a history of minority voter disenfranchisement, and the preclearance procedure was designed to block discriminatory voting practices.[115] In the 2019 case of Rucho five. Common Cause, the Supreme Court held that claims of partisan gerrymandering present nonjusticiable political questions that cannot be reviewed past federal courts.[116]

In some other 2019 instance, Department of Commerce 5. New York, the Supreme Courtroom blocked the Trump administration from adding a question to the 2020 census regarding the citizenship of respondents.[117]

Land courtroom rulings [edit]

In 2015, the Supreme Court of Florida ordered the state to draw a new congressional map on the basis of a 2010 state constitutional amendment that banned partisan gerrymandering.[118]

In 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court threw out the 2011 U.S. House of Representatives map on the grounds that it violated the state constitution; the court established new redistricting standards requiring districts to be compact and to minimize the splitting of counties and towns.[119]

In 2019, a Due north Carolina state court struck downwardly the land's legislative districts on the grounds that the district had been created with the partisan intent of favoring Republican candidates.[120]

In 2022, the Ohio Supreme Court struck downwardly the state's congressional and legislative districts no fewer than five times in total.

Ballot measures [edit]

In 2015, Ohio voters approved a ballot measure changing the limerick of the commission charged with drawing state legislative districts, adding two legislative appointees to the commission and creating rules and guidelines designed to make partisan gerrymandering more than difficult.[121] In May 2018, Ohio voters approved a proposal that modified the land's congressional redistricting processes.[12]

In 2018, voters in Colorado and Michigan canonical of a proposal to establish an independent redistricting committee for congressional and state legislative districts in their respective states.[122] In Utah, voters approved the creation of a redistricting committee to draw congressional and state legislative districts, though the Utah state legislature retains the power to reject these maps.[123]

In 2020, voters in Virginia approved the institution of a bipartisan redistricting commission for both congressional and state legislative redistricting. The commission consists of eight legislators and viii not-legislator citizens, with the commission split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.[22]

In 2018, Missouri voters approved of a proposal to have a not-partisan state demographer depict state legislative districts, but in 2020 Missouri voters approved a second referendum eliminating the state demographer position and restoring the system in identify prior to the 2018 referendum.[124]

See besides [edit]

  • 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 United states elections
  • Gerrymandering in the Usa
  • Redistricting in the United States
  • Electoral geography

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Several states, including Iowa,[7] New York,[8] and Utah,[9] employ commissions that play a role in the redistricting process. However, unlike in united states labeled as "independent commission" or "politician commission", in these states the legislature has the concluding ability to approve redistricting maps.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Miller, pp. 10-11
  2. ^ Miller, William J.; Walling, Jeremy (June vii, 2013). The Political Battle over Congressional Redistricting. Lexington Books. pp. ane–4. ISBN9780739169841. Archived from the original on September xvi, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reid (February 4, 2015). "Nevada Republicans could take up mid-decade redistricting". Washington Post. Archived from the original on Nov thirteen, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  4. ^ 2020 Census Circulation News Conference. United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021.
  5. ^ Wasserman, David (Apr 26, 2021). "2020 Census: What the Reapportionment Numbers Mean". The Cook Political Written report.
  6. ^ Skelley, Geoffrey; Rakich, Nathaniel (April 26, 2021). "Which States Won — And Lost — Seats In The 2020 Demography?". FiveThirtyEight.
  7. ^ "Iowa". All Virtually Redistricting. Justin Levitt.
  8. ^ "New York". All Almost Redistricting. Justin Levitt.
  9. ^ "Utah". All Most Redistricting. Justin Levitt.
  10. ^ a b "Election Dates for Legislators and Governors Who Will Do Redistricting". National Briefing of State Legislatures. May 25, 2018. Archived from the original on October four, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d eastward Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?". Loyola Law School. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved Oct 28, 2016.
  12. ^ a b Wilson, Reid (May 8, 2018). "Ohio voters pass redistricting reform initiative". The Hill. Archived from the original on November eight, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  13. ^ a b Haughey, John (Nov fourteen, 2016). "State-By-State Guide To Gubernatorial Veto Types". CQ Curl Phone call. Archived from the original on Nov nineteen, 2016. Retrieved November xix, 2016.
  14. ^ a b Levitt, Justin; McDonald, Michael. "Taking the "Re" out of Redistricting: Country Ramble Provisions on Redistricting Timing" (PDF). The Georgetown Police force Journal. 95 (4): 1247–1254. Archived from the original (PDF) on Baronial 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  15. ^ Schaller, Thomas (March 21, 2013). "Multi-Member Districts: But a Affair of the Past?". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Levitt, Justin. "Where are the lines drawn?". All About Redistricting. Loyola Law School. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d "Redistricting Criteria". National Conference of State Legislatures. January 26, 2016. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  18. ^ a b "2018 Land & Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). NCSL. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  19. ^ "Party control - congressional lines". All About Redistricting. Justin Levitt. Archived from the original on Nov 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  20. ^ a b The number of U.Due south. representatives the state will have after the 2022 redistricting.
  21. ^ a b "Redistricting Commissions: Congressional Plans". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on October nine, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  22. ^ a b c Weiner, Rachel (November 4, 2020). "Virginians approve turning redistricting over to bipartisan commission". Washington Mail service.
  23. ^ Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?". Loyola Police School. Archived from the original on December iv, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  24. ^ Goodman, Josh (July 7, 2011). "The Disappearance of Multi-Fellow member Constituencies". Governing. Archived from the original on Nov viii, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  25. ^ Moncrief, Gary F. (2011). Reapportionment and Redistricting in the West. Lexington Books. p. 30. ISBN9780739167618. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved Nov 12, 2016.
  26. ^ a b "Political party control - state legislative lines". All About Redistricting. Justin Levitt. Archived from the original on November nine, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Redistricting Commissions: State Legislative Plans". NCSL. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Larson, Elizabeth (Dec 28, 2021). "California Citizens Redistricting Commission delivers maps to California Secretary of State".
  29. ^ a b c d Coleman, J. Miles (November 11, 2011). "Less Than A Twelvemonth Out: A Redistricting Update". University of Virginia.
  30. ^ Limon, Elvia (October 25, 2021). "Gov. Greg Abbott signs off on Texas' new political maps, which protect GOP majorities while diluting voices of voters of colour". The Texas Tribune.
  31. ^ a b "Hochul signs new ballot maps into law". February 3, 2022.
  32. ^ Lai, Jonathan; Tamari, Jonathan; Terruso, Julia (February 23, 2022). "The Pa. Supreme Court has picked a new congressional map". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  33. ^ Navarro, Aaron (November 24, 2021). "Democrats add together i more House seat in Illinois from redistricting, playing catch upwardly with GOP". CBS News.
  34. ^ Hancock, Peter (January iv, 2022). "Three-approximate federal court panel upholds state legislative redistricting plan". The State Journal Register.
  35. ^ "Ohio governor signs new congressional district map into law". ABC News.
  36. ^ Buchanan, Tyler (January xiv, 2022). "Ohio Supreme Court strikes downwards GOP-drawn congressional map". Axios . Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  37. ^ Tebben, Susan (September sixteen, 2021). "Republican majority gerrymanders Ohio for another four years". Ohio Majuscule Periodical.
  38. ^ a b Carr Smith, Julie (January 12, 2022). "Ohio justices toss GOP Statehouse maps, order set up in 10 days". The Associated Press . Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Kemp Signs Into Law Georgia District Maps, 3 Lawsuits Follow". December 30, 2021.
  40. ^ a b c d Wines, Michael (February 23, 2022). "Northward Carolina Court Imposes New District Map, Eliminating G.O.P. Edge". The New York Times.
  41. ^ "Michigan redistricting commission adopts concluding Congressional map". mlive. December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  42. ^ Hendrickson, Clara. "Michigan redistricting commission adopts new country legislative maps". Detroit Gratis Press . Retrieved Feb 8, 2022.
  43. ^ Friedman, Matt. "Democrats prevail in New Jersey redistricting with map that could sacrifice Malinowski". Political leader. Political leader.
  44. ^ a b Vozzella, Laura. "Virginia Supreme Court approves redrawn congressional, General Associates maps". Washington Mail service.
  45. ^ "Washington's Last Congressional Map Retains 2 Swing Districts". February 8, 2022. Retrieved February viii, 2022.
  46. ^ "New political mapping concludes with revisions by lawmakers". Herald Net.
  47. ^ a b "AZ Republicans come out alee in seats for Legislature, Congress as redistricting console approves maps". December 22, 2021.
  48. ^ "Bakery Signs Massachusetts' Congressional Redistricting Map". www.usnews.com. November 23, 2021. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  49. ^ "Gov. Bakery Signs Bills Creating New State House, Senate Districts". CBS Boston. November 7, 2021. Archived from the original on Nov vii, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  50. ^ a b "Gov. Beak Lee signs redistricting bills dividing Davidson County into three congressional districts". The Tennessean. February 7, 2022.
  51. ^ a b Lange, Kaitlin. "Gov. Holcomb signs Indiana's redistricting maps into constabulary". The Indianapolis Star.
  52. ^ Flynn, Meagan; Wiggins, Ovetta (December nine, 2021). "Maryland General Assembly overrides Hogan's veto of new congressional map". The Washington Mail. {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  53. ^ a b Corasaniti, Nick (March 25, 2022). "Judge Throws Out Maryland Congressional Map, in Blow to Democrats". The New York Times . Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  54. ^ Marley, Patrick (March 3, 2022). "Wisconsin Supreme Court picks Autonomous Gov. Tony Evers' maps in redistricting fight". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ^ "Colorado Supreme Court approves new congressional map drawn past redistricting commission". The Colorado Sun. November i, 2021.
  56. ^ Verlee, Megan. "Colorado officially has new state legislative maps". Colorado Public Radio.
  57. ^ Wilson, Reid. "Minnesota court makes changes to Firm Democrat'southward commune". The Hill.
  58. ^ a b Salisbury, Neb. "New redistricting maps reshuffle Minnesota's political mural". Twin Cities Pioneer Press.
  59. ^ "McMaster OKs controversial SC congressional map that protects GOP advantage". The State . Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  60. ^ "McMaster signs off on SC Business firm, Senate redistricting maps". The Country . Retrieved Feb 3, 2022.
  61. ^ "Gov. Kay Ivey signs off on Alabama congressional, legislative, SBOE maps for 2022".
  62. ^ "Ky. Firm, Senate speedily vote to override ane of Beshear's vetoes on redistricting bills; budget on fast rail". WKYT . Retrieved Jan 21, 2022.
  63. ^ a b Borrud, Hillary (September 27, 2021). "Oregon'due south redistricting maps official, afterward lawmakers laissez passer them, Gov. Kate Brown signs off". oregonlive. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  64. ^ a b "Oklahoma Gov. Kevin Stitt signs vi redistricting bills into law". November 22, 2021.
  65. ^ a b "Connecticut Supreme Court adopts good's redistricting program". Associated Printing. Feb xi, 2022.
  66. ^ McKellar, Katie (November 12, 2021). "Utah Gov. Spencer Cox signs off on controversial congressional map that 'cracks' Salt Lake County". Deseret News.
  67. ^ Rodgers, Bethany (November 16, 2021). "Gov. Cox signs bill exempting sure employees from workplace COVID-19 vaccine mandates". The Table salt Lake Tribune.
  68. ^ "Gov. Kim Reynolds signs Iowa's new redistricting maps into police force". Des Moines Register. November 4, 2021.
  69. ^ a b "Nevada redistricting bill signed by Sisolak later split Associates vote". The Nevada Contained. November 16, 2021.
  70. ^ Kronaizl, Douglas (Jan 17, 2022). "Arkansas' congressional map goes into effect". Ballotpedia News.
  71. ^ DeMillo, Andrew (November 29, 2021). "Arkansas panel approves new state House, Senate districts". Associated Press.
  72. ^ "Mississippi Gov. Tate Reeves signs neb for congressional redistricting map". Clarion Ledger. January 25, 2022.
  73. ^ Carpenter, Tim (Feb nine, 2022). "Kansas Firm completes override of Gov. Kelly's veto of congressional redistricting map". Kansas Reflector.
  74. ^ "Governor signs congressional redistricting bill". The Las Cruces Bulletin. Dec 21, 2021.
  75. ^ a b "Nebraska'south Governor signs redistricting bills into police force". KETV. September 30, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  76. ^ a b "Idaho'due south terminal redistricting maps approved". Idaho Reports. November v, 2021.
  77. ^ "Justice signs 40 bills from special session for redistricting, COVID vaccine measures". Charleston Gazette-Mail. October 25, 2021.
  78. ^ "Hawaii Commission Adopts Congressional Map With Tiny Changes". Bloomberg Government. Jan 28, 2022.
  79. ^ "Hawaii Reapportionment Commission Approves Concluding Legislative Maps". Honolulu Civil Beat. January 28, 2022.
  80. ^ a b "Thousands of Mainers to shift to new congressional districts". September 29, 2021.
  81. ^ King, Ryan (February 18, 2022). "Rhode Isle governor approves congressional map, creating opportunity for Republicans". Washington Examiner.
  82. ^ "After an amendment, Montana adopts final congressional map". Montana Public Radio. November 13, 2021.
  83. ^ Kronaizl, Douglas (November 16, 2021). "A closer wait at Delaware'south new state legislative maps". Ballotpedia News.
  84. ^ Goss, Austin (November 10, 2021). "S Dakota lawmakers compromise on redistricting map in special session". Fox Dakota News Now.
  85. ^ "Burgum Signs Legislative Redistricting Bill Passed This Week". Associated Printing. November 12, 2021.
  86. ^ Kitchenman, Andrew (Nov ten, 2021). "Alaska Redistricting Board finishes work to prefer maps; opponents say courts could toss out portions". ktoo.org.
  87. ^ All-time, Ryan; Bycoffe, Aaron (August 9, 2021). "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State". FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January vii, 2022.
  88. ^ Chandler, Kim (September 28, 2021). "Lawsuit: Alabama congressional map 'racially gerrymandered'". Associated Press . Retrieved January seven, 2022.
  89. ^ Chandler, Kim (January 25, 2022). "Alabama's new congressional districts map blocked by judges". Associated Press . Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  90. ^ "Alabama'southward new congressional map blocked by judges". Politico . Retrieved Jan 25, 2022.
  91. ^ Liptak, Adam (February vii, 2022). "Supreme Court, in 5-4 Vote, Restores Alabama's Congressional Voting Map". The New York Times . Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  92. ^ Tarinelli, Ryan (December 29, 2021). "ACLU sues over country Firm redistricting map, says plan under-represents Black Arkansans". Arkansas Democrat Gazette . Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  93. ^ Earley, Neal (Feb nineteen, 2022). "ACLU's side by side move on Arkansas redistricting lawsuit depends on Justice Department, group says". Arkansas Democrat Gazette . Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  94. ^ Scott, Emily. "ACLU Highly-seasoned Dismissal of Claiming to AR Redistricting Map". Public News Service . Retrieved January vii, 2022.
  95. ^ Niesse, Mark. "Lawsuits will challenge Georgia's new maps that favor Republicans". The Atlanta Periodical-Constitution . Retrieved January vii, 2022.
  96. ^ Ashley, Asia. "Kemp signs redistricting maps, lawsuit filed". Valdosta Daily Times . Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  97. ^ Brumback, Kate (March 2022). "Estimate allows new Georgia political maps to exist used this twelvemonth". The Associated Press . Retrieved March ii, 2022.
  98. ^ Dwyer, Devin. "Michigan's 'fairer' election maps challenged for 'diluting' Blackness vote". ABC News . Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  99. ^ Hendrickson, Clara. "Lawsuit filed against Michigan redistricting commission alleges maps unfair to Black voters". Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  100. ^ Hendrickson, Clara. "Mich. Supreme Court upholds redistricting commission maps in face of voting rights lawsuit". Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  101. ^ Leckrone, Bennett (December 23, 2021). "2d lawsuit filed over Maryland's new congressional districting map". WTOP News . Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  102. ^ Montellaro, Zach (March 15, 2022). "Maryland primary pushed back 3 weeks over redistricting claiming". Political leader . Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  103. ^ "Republican Party files legal challenge to New Mexico's recently approved political maps". Las Cruces Sun News . Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  104. ^ Robertson, Gary (February 4, 2022). "Due north Carolina Supreme Courtroom strikes downward redistricting maps". Associated Printing . Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  105. ^ Robertson, Gary (February 20, 2022). "N Carolina lawmakers drew new political maps — once more — that will now go back to court". WFAE ninety.7 . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  106. ^ Haigh, Susan. "Loftier Court Over again Taps Election Law Expert to Redraw Lines". NBC Connecticut . Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  107. ^ Pazniokas, Mark (Jan eighteen, 2022). "Special master recommends tweaks to Connecticut congressional map". The CT Mirror . Retrieved Feb 16, 2022.
  108. ^ Doyle, Steve (February 17, 2022). "NC redistricting special masters have Greensboro flavour". Fox 8 News . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  109. ^ Anderson, Bryan (February 23, 2022). "NC court enacts new legislative, congressional maps; GOP and voting group to appeal". WRAL . Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
  110. ^ Callaghan, Peter (Feb eleven, 2022). "Off the map: Minnesota Legislature takes a pass on trying to come up with its own redistricting plan". Minn Post . Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  111. ^ a b Levitz, Eric (August 4, 2015). "Democrats aim to 'unrig' congressional maps in 2020". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved Oct 31, 2016.
  112. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (August 26, 2014). "Forget 2016: Democrats already accept a plan for 2020". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  113. ^ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (October 17, 2016). "Obama, Holder to atomic number 82 mail service-Trump redistricting entrada". Politico. Archived from the original on November ii, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  114. ^ Connolly, Griffin (September 29, 2017). "Republican Group Fix to Spend Large on Redistricting". Roll Phone call. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  115. ^ a b Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?-Preclearance". All Nearly Redistricting. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved Nov 15, 2016.
  116. ^ Chung, Andrew; Hurley, Lawrence (June 27, 2019). "In major elections ruling, U.S. Supreme Court allows partisan map drawing". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  117. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 27, 2019). "Supreme Court Leaves Census Question on Citizenship in Doubt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  118. ^ Prokop, Andrew (December 5, 2015). "Florida'due south Supreme Court has struck another accident confronting gerrymandering". Vox. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved September eleven, 2019.
  119. ^ Lai, Jonathan; Navratil, Liz. "Pennsylvania, gerrymandered: A guide to Pa.'due south congressional map redistricting fight". Philly.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  120. ^ Mills Rodrigo, Chris (September iii, 2019). "Due north Carolina courtroom strikes down state legislative map". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  121. ^ Siegel, Jim (November 4, 2015). "Voters approve issue to reform Ohio's redistricting process". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  122. ^ Moon, Emily (November 7, 2018). "How Did Citizen-Led Redistricting Initiatives Fare in the Mid-Terms?". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved Nov seven, 2018.
  123. ^ Rodgers, Bethany; Wood, Benjamin (February 22, 2020). "Utah's new anti-gerrymandering police is at gamble, group warns". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  124. ^ Lieb, David A. (Nov 5, 2020). "Missouri voters dump never-used redistricting reforms". AP.

External links [edit]

  • "50 State Guide to Redistricting". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  • "The Atlas of Redistricting". FiveThirtyEight. January 25, 2018. Retrieved Nov 1, 2018.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_redistricting_cycle

Posted by: sandersfrethe.blogspot.com

0 Response to "How Often Do States Draw Their District Lines"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel